#CO2 #PowerPlant #FlueGas #Sustainability
Ukusuka Ekungcoleni Kuya Enzuzweni: Izitshalo Zamandla Zingenza Kanjani Imali I-CO₂ etholiwe
Imisebenzi yemishini kagesi iphakathi kweqhaza elikhulu kakhulu ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni emhlabeni jikelele. Zigqugquzelwa amalahle, igesi yemvelo, namafutha, lezi zitshalo zamandla zikhipha amanani abalulekile e-CO₂ emkhathini ngawo wonke ama-megawatt akhiqizwayo. Ngokusho kwe-International Energy Agency (IEA), ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kubala cishe u-40% wokukhishwa kwe-CO₂ emhlabeni wonke, okubeka izitshalo zamandla endaweni ephakathi kwezinselele zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Kuthiwani uma lokhu kukhishwa kungase kube impahla ebalulekile esikhundleni sokuba yisikweletu? Yilapho kungena khona ukutakula kwe-CO₂ - inqubo eklanyelwe hhayi kuphela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kodwa nokuvula umthombo omusha wemali engenayo. Kunokuba ikhiphe ikhabhoni emkhathini, imboni yamandla ingawuthwebula futhi inikeze izimboni ezincike ekuhlanzekeni okuphezulu kwe-CO₂. Abakhiqizi bayathanda Hypro ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisiwe zokubuyisela i-CO₂ ezisiza izitshalo eziphehla amandla kagesi ukuguqula ukukhishwa kwazo kube yimpahla enenzuzo, edingeka kakhulu.
Ngesidingo esikhulayo sokuthwebula nokusetshenziswa kweCarbon (CCU), izimboni zamandla kagesi manje zinethuba lokuguquka zisuka ezikhiqizweni ezinkulu zibe abahlinzeki ababalulekile bomnotho okhulayo osuselwa kukhabhoni - ukuguqula ukungcola kube inzuzo.
Kungani Kufanele Izitshalo Zamandla Zicabangele Ukubuyisela I-CO₂?
Ukukhiqizwa Kwemali Evela Ku-CO₂ Sales
Ngokomlando, izitshalo zikagesi ziphathe i-CO₂ njengomkhiqizo ongenakugwenywa. Namuhla, nokho, leyo CO₂ efanayo idingeka kakhulu. Kusukela ekudleni neziphuzo kuye ekubuyiseleni uwoyela kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, izimboni emhlabeni wonke zithembele ekutholakaleni okuqhubekayo kwe-carbon dioxide.
Ngokwamukela izixazululo zokutakula i-CO₂ ezihlinzekwa ngaba Hypro, indawo yokuphehla ugesi ingabamba ukungcola futhi idayisele igesi etholakele emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ingenise imali entsha ngalokho okwake kwaba yimfucuza.
Izimboni ezithenga i-CO₂ zifaka:
- Abakhiqizi bokudla neziphuzo be-carbonation kanye nokupakishwa.
- Izinkambu zikawoyela zisebenzisa i-CO₂ Yokubuyiswa Kwamafutha Okuthuthukisiwe (EOR).
- Izitshalo zamakhemikhali nezomanyolo ezinqubweni ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia ne-urea.
- Ama-greenhouses ukusheshisa ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Kunoma yisiphi isikhungo samandla, lolu shintsho lushintsha ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kube umkhiqizo onenzuzo, osekela ukukhula kwebhizinisi nezinjongo zokusimama.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwemodeli Yebhizinisi
Isizinda sikagesi esivamile sincike cishe ngokuphelele ekuthengisweni kukagesi. Kodwa ngezintela eziguquguqukayo, imithethonqubo eguqukayo, kanye nokukhuphuka kwamandla avuselelekayo, le modeli yokusakaza okukodwa ayisanele ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside. Lapha kulapho Hypro izinyathelo zokungena - ukunika amandla izitshalo zamandla ukuthi zihlukanise imali yazo ngokungeza enye indlela ebalulekile: ukutakula kwe-CO₂. Ngokuhamba phambili
ubuchwepheshe, Hypro isiza ukuthwebula ukukhishwa okuphumayo ngokuqondile ezitshalweni zamandla futhi ikuguqulele ku-CO₂ yebanga lokudla enobumsulwa obungu-99.998% we-v/v, ukuvula iminyango ezimakethe ezinenzuzo njengokudla, iziphuzo, nezicelo zezimboni.
Ngokungena kulokhu kusakazwa kwemali kwesibili, izitshalo zikagesi zinganciphisa ukuthembela kwazo ezimakethe zamandla ezingalindelekile kuyilapho ziqinisa ukuqina kwazo kwezezimali. Umphumela uba imodeli yamandla okucabanga phambili elinganisa ukuphehlwa kukagesi nokubuyiswa kwekhabhoni enenzuzo, konke kuyilapho kuncishiswa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngenkuthalo.
Ukuguqula Ukukhishwa Kwezimboni nge HyproI-CO₂ Capture Technology
I-flue gas evela ezinqubweni zezimboni ezisezingeni eliphezulu ithwala ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ okubalulekile. Esikhundleni sokukhulula lokhu emkhathini, kuqondiswe esitshalweni sokubuyisela i-CO₂ lapho ukungcola okufana ne-particle, NO₂, ne-SO₂ kukhishwa, futhi i-CO₂ ihlukaniswa ne-nitrogen ne-oksijeni.
HyproUbuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe buthwebula i-CO₂ emthonjeni futhi bukhiqize i-Liquid CO₂ yezinga lokudla ngobumsulwa obungaphezu kuka-99.99% nge-v/v. Le nqubo isebenzisa ama-amine athuthukisiwe ukuze imunce kahle i-CO₂ kanye ne-low-energy desorption, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kokushisa nokunciphisa ukuwohloka kwe-amine. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphila isikhathi eside, amakholomu ensimbi engagqwali asetshenziselwa ukumelana nokugqwala okuvela kuzixazululo ezishisayo ze-amine. Ukwengeza, izimboni zingasebenzisa ukushisa okulahlwayo okutholakalayo noma isitimu eseqile ukuze zinike amandla isistimu, zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele.
I-CO₂ etholiwe ifakwe uketshezi futhi igcinwe emathangeni afakwe i-vacuum-insulated, ilungele ukusetshenziswa njenge-beverage carbonation, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, nokukhiqizwa kwe-e-Methanol - ukuguqula ukukhishwa kwegesi kube imikhiqizo ebalulekile.
I-CO₂ ekhishwe ngokuvutha okusekelwe kumafutha asetshenziswa kakhulu
| Ubuncane be-kg eCO₂/Mwh | Ubukhulu be-kg eCO₂/Mwh | |
|---|---|---|
|
I-CO₂ eq/MWh yezitshalo ezibaswa ngamalahle |
850 |
986 |
|
I-CO₂ eq /MWh yezitshalo ezibaswa uwoyela |
670 |
777 |
|
I-CO₂ eq /MWh yezitshalo ze-gas-turbine |
420 |
486 |
|
I-CO₂ eq /MWh yezitshalo ezihlanganisa isizukulwane kanye nomjikelezo ohlangene |
300 |
352 |
|
I-CO₂ eq /MWh yezinye izitshalo ezibaswa ngegesi |
500 |
583 |
Izitshalo Zamandla Abaselwe Ngamalahle: Izikhulu Zamandla, I-Titans of Emissions
Izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamalahle ziye zanika amandla umnotho isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa ngezindleko eziphakeme zemvelo. Lezi zikhungo zishisa amalahle ukuze zikhiqize ugesi, zikhiphe amanani amakhulu e-CO₂ emkhathini. Ngokusho kwe-International Energy Agency (IEA), ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngamalahle kukodwa kwenza cishe u-30% wokukhishwa kwe-CO₂ emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokwesilinganiso, indawo yokuphehla amandla amalahle ikhipha amaphawundi angu-2.2–2.5 we-CO₂ nge-kWh ngayinye, okubenza babe ngomunye wababambe iqhaza elikhulu ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni yezimboni.
Nokho, izimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamalahle akudingekile ukuba zibe ama-emitters nje; bangaba yingxenye yesixazululo. Ngobuchwepheshe bokuthwebula i-carbon, i-CO₂ evela ezitshalweni zikagesi ingaphinde isetshenziswe ukuze kutholwe kabusha uwoyela othuthukisiwe (EOR) noma iguqulwe ibe izibaseli zokwenziwa namakhemikhali, iguqule ukungcola kube inzuzo. Olunye ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi i-CO₂ ethwetshiwe ingafakwa ngisho namaminerali ibe amakhabhoni aqinile ezinto zokwakha, idale imithombo emisha yemali engenayo kuyilapho kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Nakuba lezi zixazululo zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile, zinikeza amazwibela ekusasa lapho ngisho nemithombo yamandla ebamba kakhulu ikhabhoni ingaba negalelo ekusimameni.
Izitshalo Zamandla Egesi Yemvelo: Ububi Obuncane Noma Ithuba Elifihliwe?
Izikhungo zokuphehla amandla egesi yemvelo zivame ukubhekwa njengezihlanzekile esikhundleni samalahle, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Bakhiqiza cishe amaphawundi angu-0.9–1.2 we-CO₂ nge-kWh ngayinye, cishe ingxenye yokukhishwa kwesikhungo samandla aphehlwa ngamalahle. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akubenzi babe luhlaza ngokuphelele - ikakhulukazi lapho kufakwa ukuvuza kwe-methane okuvela ekukhishweni nasekuthuthweni kwegesi yemvelo, okungaba nomthelela omkhulu wokufudumala kune-CO₂.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-CO₂ ekhishwa ezitshalweni zamandla egesi yemvelo ayiyona nje into ekhiqizwayo - iyinsiza. Izimboni eziningi zithembele ku-CO₂ ehlanziwe ukuze uthole ukudla nesiphuzo carbonation, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, nokukhiqiza amakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa i-direct air capture (DAC) nezitshalo zamandla egesi yemvelo kunganciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwenetha kuyilapho kukhiqiza i-CO₂ ephezulu yokuhlanzeka kwezicelo zezimboni. Ngokutshala imali ekubanjweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwekhabhoni (CCU), izimboni zamandla egesi yemvelo zingashintsha zisuke ekubeni abangcolisi nje kuphela ziye kubabambiqhaza ababalulekile emnothweni oyisiyingi wekhabhoni, lapho ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuphinde kuhloswe ngakho kunokuba kumoshwe.
Imboni Kawoyela Negesi: Ukucwenga Ikusasa Lokusetshenziswa Kwekhabhoni
Izitshalo zokucwenga kanye nezitshalo ze-petrochemical ziwumgogodla wemboni yesimanje, ezihlinzeka ngezinto zokubasa, amapulasitiki, nezinto zokwenziwa ezingenakubalwa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuza ngezindleko eziphezulu zemvelo - izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela nezindawo ze-petrochemical ngokuhlangene zikhipha amathani angama-2-3 we-CO₂ ngethani lomkhiqizo ocolisisiwe. Isidingo esikhulu samandla kanye nezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezihilelekile ekucwengeni uwoyela ongahluziwe ube yimikhiqizo esebenzisekayo kwenza lo mkhakha ube neqhaza elikhulu lekhabhoni.
Ngokumangazayo, le mboni iphinde yasungula ukusetshenziswa kwe-CO₂. Ukubuyisela kabusha uwoyela okuthuthukisiwe (EOR), inqubo lapho i-CO₂ ijova khona emithonjeni kawoyela ukuze kukhuliswe amanani okumuncwa, ibisetshenziswa amashumi eminyaka. Ukwengeza, izindawo zokucwenga zihlola ukuguqulwa kwe-CO₂ zibe izinto zokubasa zokwenziwa, amapulasitiki e-polycarbonate, nezincibilikisi zezimboni. Ngokombiko weMcKinsey & Company, ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula ikhabhoni obuthuthukisiwe bungase budale imakethe yezigidigidi zamadola ye-CO₂ - amafutha namakhemikhali atholakala. Ngokuhlanganisa izixazululo eziningi ze-CCU, umkhakha kawoyela negesi ungashintsha ukukhishwa kwegesi kube yimpahla yezomnotho, unciphise indawo yawo yemvelo kuyilapho ugcina inzuzo.
Izitshalo Zamakhemikhali Nomanyolo: Ukuguqula I-CO₂ Emissions ibe Igolide Lemboni
Izimboni zamakhemikhali nezomanyolo, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia, i-hydrogen, ne-methanol, zingomunye umthombo omkhulu wokukhishwa kwe-CO₂. Izitshalo ze-ammonia, ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kukamanyolo, zikhulula cishe amathani angu-1.8 we-CO₂ ngethani ngalinye le-ammonia elikhiqizwayo, kuyilapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen emhlabeni wonke kunikela cishe amathani angama-metric ayizigidi ezingu-830 we-CO₂ minyaka yonke. Umlandu? I-Steam methane reforming (SMR), inqubo ekhipha i-hydrogen kugesi yemvelo kuyilapho ikhipha i-CO₂ njengomkhiqizo owenziwe ngaphandle.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zimboni zibuye ziveze amanye amathuba amahle kakhulu okusebenzisa kabusha i-CO₂. I-CO₂ ebanjiwe iyisithako esibalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-urea, isakhi somanyolo esibalulekile. Izitshalo ze-Methanol ziya ngokuya zisebenzisa izindlela zokugaywa kabusha kwekhabhoni, zisebenzisa i-CO₂ njengendawo yokudla yokukhiqiza amakhemikhali namafutha. Umncintiswano we-Carbon XPRIZE ubonise ubuchwepheshe obuphumelelayo obuguqula i-CO₂ ibe izinto ezinenani eliphezulu njenge-carbon fiber namapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio, okufakazela ukuthi ukukhishwa kungashintshwa kube yimpahla enenzuzo. Ngokuthuthuka kwe-CCU, lo mkhakha unamandla okuguqula i-CO₂ imfucuza ibe yimikhiqizo ebalulekile, esiza ukuvala i-carbon loop ekukhiqizeni izimboni.
Isikhungo Samandla kanye Nezimboni Zishintshela Emnothweni Wekhabhoni Oyindilinga
Eziningi zalezi zimboni zixoxa indaba ezinhlangothi zombili - kuyilapho ziphakathi kwezikhiqizi ezinkulu ze-CO₂, futhi zihamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kwekhabhoni. Kusukela ezimbonini eziphehla amandla kagesi ngamalahle kuya eziko zikasimende, izindawo zokuhluza uwoyela kuye ezitshalweni zikamanyolo, ukushintshela ekujikelezeni kwekhabhoni akusewona nje umbono; kuyisidingo. Njengoba izifundo ziqhubeka nokugqamisa amandla ezomnotho okuguqulwa kwe-CO₂, amabhizinisi atshala imali kumasu okungcolisa ukuze enze inzuzo ngeke nje anciphise ukuqina kwawo kwekhabhoni kodwa futhi avule nemifudlana emisha yemali engenayo emnothweni oguqukayo oshintshayo.
